Tissues and muscles
Wordlist
1. Lining – выстилка
2. Еlongated – вытянутый, удлиненный
3. Аbundant – обильный, часто встречающийся
4. Loose – свободный
5. Cartilage – хрящ
6. Voluntary – произвольный
7. Contraction – сокращение
8. Smoothmuscle – гладкая мышца
9. Stringlike – веревчатый, струновидный
10. Pacemaker – сердечный ритмоводитель
11. Striatedmuscle – поперечнополосатая мышца
12. Bend – сгибать
13. Tough – упругий
14. Frown – выражение неодобрения
15. Wiggle – шевелить
16. Pectoralismuscles – пекторальные (грудные) мышцы
17. Gluteusmaximus (muscle) – большая ягодичная мышца
Tissues and muscles
A tissue is a group of cells that have a similar shape and function. Different types of tissues can be found in different organs. In humans, there are four basic types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and other microbes that may be harmful. Cells of the epithelial tissue have different shapes. Cells can be thin, flat to cubic to elongated.
Connective tissue is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of the tissues. Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and protection. The following tissues are found in the human body, ordinary loose connective tissue, fat tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph, which are all considered connective tissue.
There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type. The cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature.
Nerve tissue is composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Nerve cells or neurons are long and string-like.
Did you know you have more than 600 muscles in your body? They do everything from pumping blood throughout your body to helping you lift your heavy backpack. You control some of your muscles, while others — like your heart — do their jobs without you thinking about them at all.
Muscles are all made of the same material, a type of elastic tissue (sort of like the material in a rubber band). Thousands or even tens of thousands, of small fibers make up each muscle.
You have three different types of muscles in your body: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle.
Smooth Muscles
Smooth muscles — sometimes also called involuntary muscles — are usually in sheets, or layers, with one layer of muscle behind the other. You can't control this type of muscle. Your brain and body tell these muscles what to do without you even thinking about it. You can't use your smooth muscles to make a muscle in your arm or jump into the air.
But smooth muscles are at work all over your body. In your stomach and digestive system, they contract and relax to allow food to make its journey through the body. Your smooth muscles come in handy if you're sick and you need to throw up. The muscles push the food back out of the stomach so it comes up through the esophagus and out of the mouth.
Smooth muscles are also found in your bladder. When they're relaxed, they allow you to hold in urine (pee) until you can get to the bathroom. Then they contract so that you can push the urine out. These muscles are also in a woman's uterus. There they help to push the baby out of the mother's body when it's time to be born.
You'll find smooth muscles at work behind the scenes in your eyes, too. These muscles keep the eyes focused.
A Hearty Muscle
The muscle that makes up the heart is called cardiac muscle. It is also known as the myocardium. The thick muscles of the heart contract to pump blood out and then relax to let blood back in after it has circulated through the body.
Just like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle works all by itself with no help from you. A special group of cells within the heart are known as the pacemaker of the heart because it controls the heartbeat.
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscles — sometimes called striated muscle because the light and dark parts of the muscle fibers make them look striped.
Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, which means you can control what they do. Your leg won't bend to kick the soccer ball unless you want it to. These muscles help to make up the musculoskeletal system — the combination of your muscles and your skeleton, or bones.
Together, the skeletal muscles work with your bones to give your body power and strength. In most cases, a skeletal muscle is attached to one end of a bone. It stretches all the way across a joint and then attaches again to another bone.
Skeletal muscles are held to the bones with the help of tendons. Tendons are cords made of tough tissue, and they work as special connector pieces between bone and muscle. The tendons are attached so well that when you contract one of your muscles, the tendon and bone move along with it.
Skeletal muscles come in many different sizes and shapes to allow them to do many types of jobs. Some of your biggest and most powerful muscles are in your back, near your spine. These muscles help keep you upright and standing tall.
They also give your body the power it needs to lift and push things. Muscles in your neck and the top part of your back aren't as large, but they are capable of some pretty amazing things: Try rotating your head around, back and forth, and up and down to feel the power of the muscles in your neck. These muscles also hold your head high.
Face Muscles
You may not think of it as a muscular body part, but your face has plenty of muscles. You can check them out next time you look in the mirror. Facial muscles don't all attach directly to bone like they do in the rest of the body. Instead, many of them attach under the skin. This allows you to contract your facial muscles just a tiny bit and make dozens of different kinds of faces. Even the smallest movement can turn a smile into a frown. You can raise your eyebrow to look surprised or wiggle your nose.
And while you're looking at your face, don't pass over your tongue — a muscle that's attached only at one end! Your tongue is actually made of a group of muscles that work together to allow you to talk and help you chew food. Stick out your tongue and wiggle it around to see those muscles at work.
Major Muscles
Because there are so many skeletal muscles in your body, we can't list them all here. But here are a few of the major ones:
In each of your shoulders is a deltoid muscle. Your deltoid muscles help you move your shoulders every which way.
The pectoralis muscles are found on each side of your upper chest. These are usually called pectorals. When many boys hit puberty, their pectoral muscles become larger. Many athletes and bodybuilders have large pectorals, too.
Below these pectorals, down under your ribcage, are your rectus abdominus muscles, or abdominals.
When you make a muscle in your arm, you tense your biceps muscle. When you contract your biceps muscle, you can actually see it push up under your skin.
Your quadriceps are the muscles on the front of your thighs. Many people who run, bike, or play sports develop large, strong quadriceps.
And when it's time for you to take a seat? You'll be sitting on your gluteus maximus, the muscle that's under the skin and fat in your behind!
Вопросы к тексту:
- What are the three major types of muscles in the body?
- What is the muscle that pumps blood throughout your body?
- Which muscle helps move your shoulders?
- Which type of muscle is found in your digestive system?
- What connects bones and muscles together?
- What do skeletal muscles working with bones give your body?
- Where are any of your biggest and most powerful muscles situated in?
- Which muscles are found on the front of your thighs?
- Which muscles are found in your belly?
- When you make a muscle in your arm, you are flexing your …………….
Глагол tobe в будущем времени
TheFutureSimple – будущее неопределённое время, обозначает действия, которые совершатся в неопределённом или отдалённом будущем.
Данное время образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов will и shall, после которых следует инфинитив смыслового глагола. Глагол shall употребляется с личными местоимениями I и we. В современном английском языке глагол shall всё чаще заменяется глаголом will. То есть вместо выражения shallhave используется выражение willhave.
I will be good doctor – Ябудухорошимврачом.
She will be in Paris tomorrow – ОназавтрабудетвПариже.
Youwillbeatcдinic – Вы будете в клинике.
Глаголы в FutureIndefinite употребляются со следующими временными маркерами:
tomorrow – завтра,
the day after tomorrow – послезавтра,
in 2 hours – через 2 часа,
nextmonth – в следующем месяце,
soon – скоро,
tonight – сегодня ночью,
one of these days – наднях.
| утвердительная форма | отрицательная форма | вопросительная форма | |||
| I, we, you, they | He, she, it | I, we, you, they | He, she, it | will | |
| Will/’ll be будуиметь | willnot/won’tbe | I, we, you, they | He, she, it | ||
| be | |||||
| существительное | |||||
| I will be a good nurse. Ябудухорошеймедсестрой. He will be a good doctor’s assistant. Он будет хорошим фельдшером. | I will not be a good nurse. He won’t be a good doctor’s assistant. | Will you be a good nurse? Will he be a good doctor’s assistant? | |||
Спряжение глагола tobe в будущем времени:
Exercise 1. Запишите предложения в будущем времени (FutureSimple).
1. My uncle is a doctor.
2. I am in the park.
3. My friends are busy.
4. We are on holiday.
5. My sister is ill.
6. You are right.
7. It is 5 o'clock.
8. The child is funny.
Exercise 2. Отнесите предложения к будущему времени. Внесите необходимые изменения в указания на время.
1. The students are at the lecture now.
2. It was cold yesterday.
3. My grandmother is at home now.
4. Ann and Mary are on holidays this week.
5. It was a public holiday yesterday.
6. I am at the library today.
7. I was in London last month.
8. It was warm yesterday.
9. The museum is full of visitors now.
10. I was busy last Sunday.
Exercise 3. Составьте предложения по образцу, употребив время FutureSimple.
Образец:
Ann will be hungry. (thirsty)
Ann will not be hungry. She will be thirsty.
1. The book will be cheap. (very expensive)
2. My sister and I will be in time. (late)
3. The suitcases will be light. (full of heavy things)
4. Max will be happy. (ill)
5. The weather will be sunny next Sunday. (wet)
6. Mary will be good at mathematics. (fond of physics)
7. Max and Mary will be busy. (on holiday)
8. The day will be rainy. (sunny)